Extra credit opportunity: The Old Gray Lady: Arkansas's First Newspaper

25-point extra credit opportunity:

The history of the Arkansas Gazette was essentially the history of Arkansas.

Key names/concepts to look for throughout the 90-minute film:

• — William Woodruff

• — J.N. Heiskell family

• — Harry Ashmore

• — Hugh B. Patterson

• — Orval Faubus

• — Little Rock Central desegregation coverage

• — Arkansas Democrat

• — Walter Hussman

• — Ownership (vertical, horizontal)

• — Joint Operating Agreement

• — John Robert Starr

• — Advertising

• — Antitrust

• — Ethics

• — Gannett Corp.

• — Al Neuharth

• — Dillard's

• — Orville Henry

Assignment: 

1 — Since you didn't live through this era, what is your reaction to the film? Were you able to understand what happened?

2 — Thinking about today's political environment, do you think Arkansas would be different now if the Gazette had not died? Why or why not? If so, how? 

3 — What is your personal reaction to the death of the Arkansas Gazette? 

Ch. 15 outline — Media Law

I am not posting the powerpoints because we did a shortened version, but you need to be familiar with:

• First Amendment, 1789, and what it guarantees

• Copyright Act, 1791

• Antitrust Act, 1890 — How did that play into the story of the Arkansas Gazette?

• Telecommunications Act, 1996

• Freedom of speech — Defamation, libel, slander

• Politics and Fairness Doctrine

• Obscenity and Indecency

• Privacy — USA PATRIOT Act

• Intellectual property — Patents, copyrights, trademarks, Fair Use

• Ownership issues — Antitrust, vertical and horizontal integration

• Freedom of Information laws

Ch. 9 outline — The Internet

n  Chapter 9
The Internet

n  Media Then & Now

Ø  1972: Internet invented

Ø  1991: The Web is born

Ø  1995: Amazon.com

Ø  2000: Dot-com bust

Ø  2007: Web 2.0

Ø  2009: Google cyberattack

n  History: Spinning the Web

Ø  Atanasoff’s computer

Ø  Turing’s code cracker

Ø  ENIAC and the Cold War

Ø  Modems, WAN and LAN

Ø  ARPANET (1969)

n  The Web Is Born

Ø  Alto computer (Xerox)

Ø  Bill Gates: Microsoft

Ø  Steve Jobs: Apple

Ø  Videotex, AOL & BBSs

Ø  Internet & e-mail (1972)

Ø  Berners-Lee & HTML (1991)

n  The Dot-Com Boom

Ø  First browser: Mosaic

Ø  By 1995, commercial providers take over Net

Ø  Amazon.com, eBay,
Yahoo! and Google

Ø  AOL fades after merger

Ø  Dot-com bust in 2000

n  Reining in the Net

Ø  Net’s cultural impact

Ø  Communications Decency Act

Ø  Net as a threat to children

Ø  Cross-border communication

Ø  Intellectual property

Ø  Digital-divide issues

Ø  Control: ICAAN vs. U.N.

n  Old Media in Internet Age

Ø  Web competes against
conventional media

n  Google: new king of media

n  Craig’s List, file sharing, iPad

Ø  Old media’s new strategies

n  Online-only newspapers,
e-books, streaming video

n  Rise of Social Media

Ø  Web 2.0: users collaborate

n  Blogs, Facebook, YouTube, Wikipedia, Twitter

Ø  Ads & PR hope to ‘go viral’

Ø  Low barriers to entry

Ø  Political movements (Occupy Wall Street)

Following Moore’s Law

Ø  Moore’s Law: computer processing capacity doubles every 18 months since 1960s

Ø  Metcalfe’s Law: Internet’s value increases rapidly
with the number of users

Ø   

Technology Trends

Ø  Technology in entertainment media and mobile devices

n  iPods, DVRs, Blu-Ray disks

Ø  CPUs and VLSI circuits

Ø  ‘Less is more’: tablets

Ø  ‘More is better’: Everyday objects connected to Net

n  Network Tech Trends          

Ø  Broadband

n  DSL, cable, fiber optic

n  BPL, using power lines

Ø  Wireless: 3G, 4G, WiFi

n  WiMAX and EV-DO

Ø  Internet2: faster Net for more than 200 universities

n  Internet Trends       

Ø  IP Version 6: more addresses

Ø  Cloud computing

Ø  Plug-ins: helper programs

Ø  Scripts: applications

Ø  New markup languages

Ø  HTML5

Ø  Tracking: privacy threats?

n   David vs. Goliath (Google)

Ø  Search engine

Ø  Serves up ads

Ø  Web portal

Ø  Software publisher

Ø  E-mail, video, other services

Ø  Facebook is gaining

The Next Big Thing?

n  Computer Toy Makers

Ø  Hardware

n  PCs and other computers

n  Storage devices

n  Printers & peripherals

Ø  PC leaders: Dell & H-P

Ø  Network gear: Cisco

n  Where Microsoft Rules

Ø  Most PCs run Microsoft operating system (Windows)

Ø  Microsoft dominates many applications (Word, browser)

Ø  Software often ‘bundled’

Ø  Freeware & shareware

Ø  Online applications

n  Internet Service Providers

Ø  Leaders: AT&T & Comcast (XFINITY)

Ø  Some ISPs (like AOL) are content providers, too

Ø  ISPs usually lease high-speed connections to Internet’s backbone

Ø  More than 400 ISPs in U.S.

n  Content Providers

Ø  Web pages are often made by in-house designers

Ø  Old and new media firms

Ø  Existing and new content

Ø  Independent designers, developers, programmers

Ø  Even Facebook users

n  Internet Organizations

Ø  Internet backbone: vBNS

Ø  Regional networks (MERIT)

Ø  ICANN & domain names

Ø  ISOC (the Internet Society)

Ø  W3C: sets Web standards

Ø  Internet Architecture Board

Ø  IETF: technical matters

Ø   

n   What’s on the Internet?

Ø  Web address: URL

Ø  Top-level domains

Ø  Each country has its own

Ø  Institutions: .edu, .org

Ø  Most of the ‘sizzle’: .com

n  Electronic Publishing

Ø  Print and Web-only content

n  New York Times

Ø  Magazines extend brand

n  Some online only

n  Amateurs’ blogs (’zines)

n  Corporate sites

Ø  E-government

Ø  Entertainment

File sharing or pirates

Ø  Legal downloads (iTunes)

Ø  Ad-supported models

n  Amateur & ‘Big Media’ videos

Ø  Streaming radio stations

Ø  YouTube and Hulu

Ø  Streaming cable TV

n   Online Games

Ø  MUDs: fantasy games

Ø  MMOs and MMORPGs

n  World of Warcraft

Ø  Second Life: social games

Ø  Casual games: FarmVille

Ø  Online gambling

n   Portals

Ø  ‘Launch pad’ for Net users

Ø  News & other content

Ø  E-mail & communication

Ø  Surveillance function

Ø  Advertisers see portals
as Web’s mass media

n  Social networking sites

Ø  Search Engines

Ø  Google as the giant

Ø  Yahoo! and Bing far behind

Ø  A ‘bot’ searches Internet

Ø  Results depend on keyword
placement & other factors

Ø  Specialized search engines

Ø  ‘Sponsored links’ are ads

n  Social Media and Blogs

Ø  Not just social networking

Ø  News and entertainment

Ø  Chat and communication

Ø  Tagging and sharing

Ø  Groupon, Digg, Twitter

Ø  Marketers track success of brands via social networks

n  Electronic Commerce

Ø  B to c (business to consumer)

Ø  Category killers (eToys)

Ø  Some e-tailers only online

Ø  Clicks-and-mortar operations

Ø  Auctions (eBay): c to c, for
consumer to consumer

Ø  Biggest category: b to b

n  A Good Web Page?

Ø  Contests & giveaways

Ø  Continual updates

Ø  Episodic storytelling

Ø  Attractive colors & layout

Ø  Short items preferred

Ø  Interactivity

Ø  ‘Cool’ design vs. usability

n  Does Info Want to Be Free?

Ø  Copyrights and patents

n  Digital Millennium
Copyright Act of 1998

Ø  Cut off free access

Ø  Follow iTunes model

Ø  Net neutrality

Ø  Creative Commons

n  Closing the Digital Divide

Ø  Gap: by race and income

Ø  Obama: put broadband in
90% of U.S. homes by 2020

Ø  Public computing centers

Ø  Cycle of poverty

Ø  U.S. lags other countries
in broadband penetration

n  Gov’t.: Hands Off or On?

Ø  Whether to tax e-commerce

Ø  Universal Service for Net

Ø  Protect children online

Ø  CANSPAM law

Ø  USA PATRIOT Act

Ø  Cyberwarfare, global issues

n  Online Safety

Ø  Phishing & other scams

Ø  Personal responsibility

n  Virus scanner, spam filter, spyware eraser

Ø  Use complex passwords

Ø  Don’t post personal info or party photos on Facebook

Outline Ch. 8 — Television

Chapter 8
Television

n  Television Is Born

Radio with pictures’: 1920s

Ø  Technical standards: 1941

Ø  TV flourishes after
World War II

Ø  FCC freeze: 1948-52

n  Cable TV emerges

Ø  Television Is Born

Ø  1952 FCC rules

n  Expand VHF band

n  Open UHF band

n  Create educational channels

Ø  Most cities: 3 VHF channels

Ø  Radio pioneers shift to TV

Ø  So does advertising

n  The Golden Age

Ø  Late 1940s and early ’50s

Ø  Live drama anthologies

Ø  News and public affairs

Ø  Then, audience shift
and ratings rule

Ø  Sitcoms and quiz shows

n  Into the Wasteland

Ø  More focus on ratings than quality

Ø  TV turns to Hollywood

Ø  Concerns about TV’s
impact on culture, children

Ø  FCC’s Minow calls TV
‘vast wasteland’ in 1961

Ø  Still, some golden moments, like Kennedy-Nixon debates

n  TV Goes to Washington

Ø  Big 3: NBC, CBS, ABC

Ø  FCC’s Fin-Syn rules

Ø  Prime Time Access Rule

Ø  Limits on in-house entertainment programming

Ø  Rise of UHF stations

Ø  FCC’s Sixth Report and Order

n  TV Goes to Washington

Ø  Non-commercial alternatives

Ø  Public Broadcasting Act (’67)

Ø  PBS created in 1969

Ø  Concerns about violence

Ø  Family Viewing Hour

n  Ruled unconstitutional

n  Rise of Cable

Ø  Cable operators relay distant broadcasts to small towns

Ø  Threat to UHF stations

Ø  FCC bans cable from
100 largest markets in 1966

Ø  FCC reverses ban in 1972

Ø  HBO: first pay-TV network

n  Rise of Cable

Ø  Basic cable channels

Ø  Multiple system operators

Ø  ‘50 channels and nothing on’

Ø  Cable expands ‘wasteland’

Ø  Free of indecency rules

Ø  VCRs appear in 1975

n  Big 3 in Decline

Ø  New owners in 1980s

Ø  Cable TV expands

Ø  Ownership limits relaxed

Ø  Rise of Fox TV network

Ø  Fin-Syn rules lifted

Ø  WB, UPN/CW, Univision

Ø  1992 Cable Act & satellite TV

n  TV in the Information Age

Ø  Deregulation

n  Telecom Act of 1996

n  Mergers & conglomerates

n  Synergies & cross-promotion

Ø  New digital media forms
undercut conventional TV

n  Internet, iPods, video games

n  TV in the Information Age

Ø  Net ads replace TV spots

Ø  Corporate changes

Ø  Cheaper ‘reality’ programs

Ø  Comcast & NBC

Ø  Transition to digital TV

Ø  New distribution strategies

n  From a Single Point of Light

Ø  How TV pictures are formed

Ø  Optical illusion of movies:
persistence of vision

Ø  NTSC’s technical standards

Ø  Digital TV: June 2009

n  HDTV

n  Multicasting (4 signals)

n  Digital TV Is Here

Ø  On-Demand viewing

Ø  Some problems with
transition to digital TV

Ø  Phone companies & FiOS

Ø  Apple and Google as TV providers

Ø  Streaming live TV via web

n  Video Recording

Ø  Key to home VCR:
helical scanning

Ø  DVDs: compressed video

Ø  Blu-Ray vs. HD DVD format

Ø  TiVo & other DVRs

Ø  Next: video on demand

n  Video Production Trends

Ø  Rugged portable cameras

Ø  Electronic news gathering

Ø  Video servers

Ø  Nonlinear editing

Ø  Graphics & special effects

Ø  Virtual news studios

n  Interactive TV

Ø  Time Warner’s Qube

Ø  Audience participation

Ø  ‘Clickable’ commercials

Ø  DVRs, video on demand

n  Internet and 3-D TV

Ø  TV + Internet = IP TV

Ø  Clicking on-screen images?

Ø  Apps taking place of remotes

Ø  3-D viewing with and without glasses

Ø  Future 3-D TV approaches still years away

n  Who Runs the Show?

Ø  Time Warner, Disney, Viacom/CBS, News Corp, NBC Universal (Comcast)

Ø  Vertically integrated

Ø  Entertainment, network news, local news, sports

n  Who Runs the Show?

Ø  National TV distributors

Ø  Local TV distributors

Ø  Syndication and affiliates

Ø  Noncommercial stations (PBS)

Ø  Advertisers

n  Genres: What’s on TV

Ø  Broadcast network shows

Ø  Cable TV

Ø  PBS

Ø  Scheduling strategies

Ø  Is TV programming diverse?