Thursday, April 27, 2017

Extra credit opportunity: The Old Gray Lady: Arkansas's First Newspaper

25-point extra credit opportunity:

The history of the Arkansas Gazette was essentially the history of Arkansas.

Key names/concepts to look for throughout the 90-minute film:

• — William Woodruff

• — J.N. Heiskell family

• — Harry Ashmore

• — Hugh B. Patterson

• — Orval Faubus

• — Little Rock Central desegregation coverage

• — Arkansas Democrat

• — Walter Hussman

• — Ownership (vertical, horizontal)

• — Joint Operating Agreement

• — John Robert Starr

• — Advertising

• — Antitrust

• — Ethics

• — Gannett Corp.

• — Al Neuharth

• — Dillard's

• — Orville Henry

Assignment: 

1 — Since you didn't live through this era, what is your reaction to the film? Were you able to understand what happened?

2 — Thinking about today's political environment, do you think Arkansas would be different now if the Gazette had not died? Why or why not? If so, how? 

3 — What is your personal reaction to the death of the Arkansas Gazette? 


Ch. 15 outline — Media Law

I am not posting the powerpoints because we did a shortened version, but you need to be familiar with:

• First Amendment, 1789, and what it guarantees

• Copyright Act, 1791

• Antitrust Act, 1890 — How did that play into the story of the Arkansas Gazette?

• Telecommunications Act, 1996

• Freedom of speech — Defamation, libel, slander

• Politics and Fairness Doctrine

• Obscenity and Indecency

• Privacy — USA PATRIOT Act

• Intellectual property — Patents, copyrights, trademarks, Fair Use

• Ownership issues — Antitrust, vertical and horizontal integration

• Freedom of Information laws

Ch. 9 outline — The Internet


n  
Chapter 9
The Internet
n  Media Then & Now
Ø  1972: Internet invented
Ø  1991: The Web is born
Ø  1995: Amazon.com
Ø  2000: Dot-com bust
Ø  2007: Web 2.0
Ø  2009: Google cyberattack
n  History: Spinning the Web
Ø  Atanasoff’s computer
Ø  Turing’s code cracker
Ø  ENIAC and the Cold War
Ø  Modems, WAN and LAN
Ø  ARPANET (1969)
n  The Web Is Born
Ø  Alto computer (Xerox)
Ø  Bill Gates: Microsoft
Ø  Steve Jobs: Apple
Ø  Videotex, AOL & BBSs
Ø  Internet & e-mail (1972)
Ø  Berners-Lee & HTML (1991)
n  The Dot-Com Boom
Ø  First browser: Mosaic
Ø  By 1995, commercial providers take over Net
Ø  Amazon.com, eBay,
Yahoo! and Google
Ø  AOL fades after merger
Ø  Dot-com bust in 2000
n  Reining in the Net
Ø  Net’s cultural impact
Ø  Communications Decency Act
Ø  Net as a threat to children
Ø  Cross-border communication
Ø  Intellectual property
Ø  Digital-divide issues
Ø  Control: ICAAN vs. U.N.
n  Old Media in Internet Age
Ø  Web competes against
conventional media
n  Google: new king of media
n  Craig’s List, file sharing, iPad
Ø  Old media’s new strategies
n  Online-only newspapers,
e-books, streaming video
n  Rise of Social Media
Ø  Web 2.0: users collaborate
n  Blogs, Facebook, YouTube, Wikipedia, Twitter
Ø  Ads & PR hope to ‘go viral’
Ø  Low barriers to entry
Ø  Political movements (Occupy Wall Street)
Following Moore’s Law
Ø  Moore’s Law: computer processing capacity doubles every 18 months since 1960s
Ø  Metcalfe’s Law: Internet’s value increases rapidly
with the number of users
Ø   
Technology Trends
Ø  Technology in entertainment media and mobile devices
n  iPods, DVRs, Blu-Ray disks
Ø  CPUs and VLSI circuits
Ø  ‘Less is more’: tablets
Ø  ‘More is better’: Everyday objects connected to Net
n  Network Tech Trends          
Ø  Broadband
n  DSL, cable, fiber optic
n  BPL, using power lines
Ø  Wireless: 3G, 4G, WiFi
n  WiMAX and EV-DO
Ø  Internet2: faster Net for more than 200 universities
n  Internet Trends       
Ø  IP Version 6: more addresses
Ø  Cloud computing
Ø  Plug-ins: helper programs
Ø  Scripts: applications
Ø  New markup languages
Ø  HTML5
Ø  Tracking: privacy threats?
n   David vs. Goliath (Google)
Ø  Search engine
Ø  Serves up ads
Ø  Web portal
Ø  Software publisher
Ø  E-mail, video, other services
Ø  Facebook is gaining
The Next Big Thing?
n  Computer Toy Makers
Ø  Hardware
n  PCs and other computers
n  Storage devices
n  Printers & peripherals
Ø  PC leaders: Dell & H-P
Ø  Network gear: Cisco
n  Where Microsoft Rules
Ø  Most PCs run Microsoft operating system (Windows)
Ø  Microsoft dominates many applications (Word, browser)
Ø  Software often ‘bundled’
Ø  Freeware & shareware
Ø  Online applications
n  Internet Service Providers
Ø  Leaders: AT&T & Comcast (XFINITY)
Ø  Some ISPs (like AOL) are content providers, too
Ø  ISPs usually lease high-speed connections to Internet’s backbone
Ø  More than 400 ISPs in U.S.
n  Content Providers
Ø  Web pages are often made by in-house designers
Ø  Old and new media firms
Ø  Existing and new content
Ø  Independent designers, developers, programmers
Ø  Even Facebook users
n  Internet Organizations
Ø  Internet backbone: vBNS
Ø  Regional networks (MERIT)
Ø  ICANN & domain names
Ø  ISOC (the Internet Society)
Ø  W3C: sets Web standards
Ø  Internet Architecture Board
Ø  IETF: technical matters
Ø   
n   What’s on the Internet?
Ø  Web address: URL
Ø  Top-level domains
Ø  Each country has its own
Ø  Institutions: .edu, .org
Ø  Most of the ‘sizzle’: .com
n  Electronic Publishing
Ø  Print and Web-only content
n  New York Times
Ø  Magazines extend brand
n  Some online only
n  Amateurs’ blogs (’zines)
n  Corporate sites
Ø  E-government
Ø  Entertainment
File sharing or pirates
Ø  Legal downloads (iTunes)
Ø  Ad-supported models
n  Amateur & ‘Big Media’ videos
Ø  Streaming radio stations
Ø  YouTube and Hulu
Ø  Streaming cable TV
n   Online Games
Ø  MUDs: fantasy games
Ø  MMOs and MMORPGs
n  World of Warcraft
Ø  Second Life: social games
Ø  Casual games: FarmVille
Ø  Online gambling
n   Portals
Ø  ‘Launch pad’ for Net users
Ø  News & other content
Ø  E-mail & communication
Ø  Surveillance function
Ø  Advertisers see portals
as Web’s mass media
n  Social networking sites
Ø  Search Engines
Ø  Google as the giant
Ø  Yahoo! and Bing far behind
Ø  A ‘bot’ searches Internet
Ø  Results depend on keyword
placement & other factors
Ø  Specialized search engines
Ø  ‘Sponsored links’ are ads
n  Social Media and Blogs
Ø  Not just social networking
Ø  News and entertainment
Ø  Chat and communication
Ø  Tagging and sharing
Ø  Groupon, Digg, Twitter
Ø  Marketers track success of brands via social networks
n  Electronic Commerce
Ø  B to c (business to consumer)
Ø  Category killers (eToys)
Ø  Some e-tailers only online
Ø  Clicks-and-mortar operations
Ø  Auctions (eBay): c to c, for
consumer to consumer
Ø  Biggest category: b to b
n  A Good Web Page?
Ø  Contests & giveaways
Ø  Continual updates
Ø  Episodic storytelling
Ø  Attractive colors & layout
Ø  Short items preferred
Ø  Interactivity
Ø  ‘Cool’ design vs. usability
n  Does Info Want to Be Free?
Ø  Copyrights and patents
n  Digital Millennium
Copyright Act of 1998
Ø  Cut off free access
Ø  Follow iTunes model
Ø  Net neutrality
Ø  Creative Commons
n  Closing the Digital Divide
Ø  Gap: by race and income
Ø  Obama: put broadband in
90% of U.S. homes by 2020
Ø  Public computing centers
Ø  Cycle of poverty
Ø  U.S. lags other countries
in broadband penetration
n  Gov’t.: Hands Off or On?
Ø  Whether to tax e-commerce
Ø  Universal Service for Net
Ø  Protect children online
Ø  CANSPAM law
Ø  USA PATRIOT Act
Ø  Cyberwarfare, global issues
n  Online Safety
Ø  Phishing & other scams
Ø  Personal responsibility
n  Virus scanner, spam filter, spyware eraser
Ø  Use complex passwords
Ø  Don’t post personal info or party photos on Facebook

Outline Ch. 8 — Television

Chapter 8
Television
n  Television Is Born
Radio with pictures’: 1920s
Ø  Technical standards: 1941
Ø  TV flourishes after
World War II
Ø  FCC freeze: 1948-52
n  Cable TV emerges
Ø  Television Is Born
Ø  1952 FCC rules
n  Expand VHF band
n  Open UHF band
n  Create educational channels
Ø  Most cities: 3 VHF channels
Ø  Radio pioneers shift to TV
Ø  So does advertising
n  The Golden Age
Ø  Late 1940s and early ’50s
Ø  Live drama anthologies
Ø  News and public affairs
Ø  Then, audience shift
and ratings rule
Ø  Sitcoms and quiz shows
n  Into the Wasteland
Ø  More focus on ratings than quality
Ø  TV turns to Hollywood
Ø  Concerns about TV’s
impact on culture, children
Ø  FCC’s Minow calls TV
‘vast wasteland’ in 1961
Ø  Still, some golden moments, like Kennedy-Nixon debates
n  TV Goes to Washington
Ø  Big 3: NBC, CBS, ABC
Ø  FCC’s Fin-Syn rules
Ø  Prime Time Access Rule
Ø  Limits on in-house entertainment programming
Ø  Rise of UHF stations
Ø  FCC’s Sixth Report and Order
n  TV Goes to Washington
Ø  Non-commercial alternatives
Ø  Public Broadcasting Act (’67)
Ø  PBS created in 1969
Ø  Concerns about violence
Ø  Family Viewing Hour
n  Ruled unconstitutional
n  Rise of Cable
Ø  Cable operators relay distant broadcasts to small towns
Ø  Threat to UHF stations
Ø  FCC bans cable from
100 largest markets in 1966
Ø  FCC reverses ban in 1972
Ø  HBO: first pay-TV network
n  Rise of Cable
Ø  Basic cable channels
Ø  Multiple system operators
Ø  ‘50 channels and nothing on’
Ø  Cable expands ‘wasteland’
Ø  Free of indecency rules
Ø  VCRs appear in 1975
n  Big 3 in Decline
Ø  New owners in 1980s
Ø  Cable TV expands
Ø  Ownership limits relaxed
Ø  Rise of Fox TV network
Ø  Fin-Syn rules lifted
Ø  WB, UPN/CW, Univision
Ø  1992 Cable Act & satellite TV
n  TV in the Information Age
Ø  Deregulation
n  Telecom Act of 1996
n  Mergers & conglomerates
n  Synergies & cross-promotion
Ø  New digital media forms
undercut conventional TV
n  Internet, iPods, video games
n  TV in the Information Age
Ø  Net ads replace TV spots
Ø  Corporate changes
Ø  Cheaper ‘reality’ programs
Ø  Comcast & NBC
Ø  Transition to digital TV
Ø  New distribution strategies
n  From a Single Point of Light
Ø  How TV pictures are formed
Ø  Optical illusion of movies:
persistence of vision
Ø  NTSC’s technical standards
Ø  Digital TV: June 2009
n  HDTV
n  Multicasting (4 signals)
n  Digital TV Is Here
Ø  On-Demand viewing
Ø  Some problems with
transition to digital TV
Ø  Phone companies & FiOS
Ø  Apple and Google as TV providers
Ø  Streaming live TV via web
n  Video Recording
Ø  Key to home VCR:
helical scanning
Ø  DVDs: compressed video
Ø  Blu-Ray vs. HD DVD format
Ø  TiVo & other DVRs
Ø  Next: video on demand
n  Video Production Trends
Ø  Rugged portable cameras
Ø  Electronic news gathering
Ø  Video servers
Ø  Nonlinear editing
Ø  Graphics & special effects
Ø  Virtual news studios
n  Interactive TV
Ø  Time Warner’s Qube
Ø  Audience participation
Ø  ‘Clickable’ commercials
Ø  DVRs, video on demand
n  Internet and 3-D TV
Ø  TV + Internet = IP TV
Ø  Clicking on-screen images?
Ø  Apps taking place of remotes
Ø  3-D viewing with and without glasses
Ø  Future 3-D TV approaches still years away
n  Who Runs the Show?
Ø  Time Warner, Disney, Viacom/CBS, News Corp, NBC Universal (Comcast)
Ø  Vertically integrated
Ø  Entertainment, network news, local news, sports
n  Who Runs the Show?
Ø  National TV distributors
Ø  Local TV distributors
Ø  Syndication and affiliates
Ø  Noncommercial stations (PBS)
Ø  Advertisers
n  Genres: What’s on TV
Ø  Broadcast network shows
Ø  Cable TV
Ø  PBS
Ø  Scheduling strategies
Ø  Is TV programming diverse?