25-point extra credit opportunity:
The history of the Arkansas Gazette was essentially the history of Arkansas.
Key names/concepts to look for throughout the 90-minute film:
• — William Woodruff
• — J.N. Heiskell family
• — Harry Ashmore
• — Hugh B. Patterson
• — Orval Faubus
• — Little Rock Central desegregation coverage
• — Arkansas Democrat
• — Walter Hussman
• — Ownership (vertical, horizontal)
• — Joint Operating Agreement
• — John Robert Starr
• — Advertising
• — Antitrust
• — Ethics
• — Gannett Corp.
• — Al Neuharth
• — Dillard's
• — Orville Henry
Assignment:
1 — Since you didn't live through this era, what is your reaction to the film? Were you able to understand what happened?
2 — Thinking about today's political environment, do you think Arkansas would be different now if the Gazette had not died? Why or why not? If so, how?
3 — What is your personal reaction to the death of the Arkansas Gazette?
Media and Society Spring 2017
Thursday, April 27, 2017
Ch. 15 outline — Media Law
I am not posting the powerpoints because we did a shortened version, but you need to be familiar with:
• First Amendment, 1789, and what it guarantees
• Copyright Act, 1791
• Antitrust Act, 1890 — How did that play into the story of the Arkansas Gazette?
• Telecommunications Act, 1996
• Freedom of speech — Defamation, libel, slander
• Politics and Fairness Doctrine
• Obscenity and Indecency
• Privacy — USA PATRIOT Act
• Intellectual property — Patents, copyrights, trademarks, Fair Use
• Ownership issues — Antitrust, vertical and horizontal integration
• Freedom of Information laws
• First Amendment, 1789, and what it guarantees
• Copyright Act, 1791
• Antitrust Act, 1890 — How did that play into the story of the Arkansas Gazette?
• Telecommunications Act, 1996
• Freedom of speech — Defamation, libel, slander
• Politics and Fairness Doctrine
• Obscenity and Indecency
• Privacy — USA PATRIOT Act
• Intellectual property — Patents, copyrights, trademarks, Fair Use
• Ownership issues — Antitrust, vertical and horizontal integration
• Freedom of Information laws
Ch. 9 outline — The Internet
n Chapter 9
The Internet
n Media Then & Now
Ø 1972: Internet invented
Ø 1991: The Web is born
Ø 1995: Amazon.com
Ø 2000: Dot-com bust
Ø 2007: Web 2.0
Ø 2009: Google cyberattack
n History: Spinning the Web
Ø Atanasoff’s computer
Ø Turing’s code cracker
Ø ENIAC and the Cold War
Ø Modems, WAN and LAN
Ø ARPANET (1969)
n The Web Is Born
Ø Alto computer (Xerox)
Ø Bill Gates: Microsoft
Ø Steve Jobs: Apple
Ø Videotex, AOL & BBSs
Ø Internet & e-mail (1972)
Ø Berners-Lee & HTML (1991)
n The Dot-Com Boom
Ø First browser: Mosaic
Ø By 1995, commercial providers take over Net
Ø Amazon.com, eBay,
Yahoo! and Google
Yahoo! and Google
Ø AOL fades after merger
Ø Dot-com bust in 2000
n Reining in the Net
Ø Net’s cultural impact
Ø Communications Decency Act
Ø Net as a threat to children
Ø Cross-border communication
Ø Intellectual property
Ø Digital-divide issues
Ø Control: ICAAN vs. U.N.
n Old Media in Internet Age
Ø Web competes against
conventional media
conventional media
n Google: new king of media
n Craig’s List, file sharing, iPad
Ø Old media’s new strategies
n Online-only newspapers,
e-books, streaming video
e-books, streaming video
n Rise of Social Media
Ø Web 2.0: users collaborate
n Blogs, Facebook, YouTube, Wikipedia, Twitter
Ø Ads & PR hope to ‘go viral’
Ø Low barriers to entry
Ø Political movements (Occupy Wall Street)
Following Moore’s Law
Ø Moore’s Law: computer processing capacity doubles every 18 months since 1960s
Ø Metcalfe’s Law: Internet’s value increases rapidly
with the number of users
with the number of users
Ø
Technology Trends
Ø Technology in entertainment media and mobile devices
n iPods, DVRs, Blu-Ray disks
Ø CPUs and VLSI circuits
Ø ‘Less is more’: tablets
Ø ‘More is better’: Everyday objects connected to Net
n Network Tech Trends
Ø Broadband
n DSL, cable, fiber optic
n BPL, using power lines
Ø Wireless: 3G, 4G, WiFi
n WiMAX and EV-DO
Ø Internet2: faster Net for more than 200 universities
n Internet Trends
Ø IP Version 6: more addresses
Ø Cloud computing
Ø Plug-ins: helper programs
Ø Scripts: applications
Ø New markup languages
Ø HTML5
Ø Tracking: privacy threats?
n David vs. Goliath (Google)
Ø Search engine
Ø Serves up ads
Ø Web portal
Ø Software publisher
Ø E-mail, video, other services
Ø Facebook is gaining
The Next Big Thing?
n Computer Toy Makers
Ø Hardware
n PCs and other computers
n Storage devices
n Printers & peripherals
Ø PC leaders: Dell & H-P
Ø Network gear: Cisco
n Where Microsoft Rules
Ø Most PCs run Microsoft operating system (Windows)
Ø Microsoft dominates many applications (Word, browser)
Ø Software often ‘bundled’
Ø Freeware & shareware
Ø Online applications
n Internet Service Providers
Ø Leaders: AT&T & Comcast (XFINITY)
Ø Some ISPs (like AOL) are content providers, too
Ø ISPs usually lease high-speed connections to Internet’s backbone
Ø More than 400 ISPs in U.S.
n Content Providers
Ø Web pages are often made by in-house designers
Ø Old and new media firms
Ø Existing and new content
Ø Independent designers, developers, programmers
Ø Even Facebook users
n Internet Organizations
Ø Internet backbone: vBNS
Ø Regional networks (MERIT)
Ø ICANN & domain names
Ø ISOC (the Internet Society)
Ø W3C: sets Web standards
Ø Internet Architecture Board
Ø IETF: technical matters
Ø
n What’s on the Internet?
Ø Web address: URL
Ø Top-level domains
Ø Each country has its own
Ø Institutions: .edu, .org
Ø Most of the ‘sizzle’: .com
n Electronic Publishing
Ø Print and Web-only content
n New York Times
Ø Magazines extend brand
n Some online only
n Amateurs’ blogs (’zines)
n Corporate sites
Ø E-government
Ø Entertainment
File sharing or pirates
Ø Legal downloads (iTunes)
Ø Ad-supported models
n Amateur & ‘Big Media’ videos
Ø Streaming radio stations
Ø YouTube and Hulu
Ø Streaming cable TV
n Online Games
Ø MUDs: fantasy games
Ø MMOs and MMORPGs
n World of Warcraft
Ø Second Life: social games
Ø Casual games: FarmVille
Ø Online gambling
n Portals
Ø ‘Launch pad’ for Net users
Ø News & other content
Ø E-mail & communication
Ø Surveillance function
Ø Advertisers see portals
as Web’s mass media
as Web’s mass media
n Social networking sites
Ø Search Engines
Ø Google as the giant
Ø Yahoo! and Bing far behind
Ø A ‘bot’ searches Internet
Ø Results depend on keyword
placement & other factors
placement & other factors
Ø Specialized search engines
Ø ‘Sponsored links’ are ads
n Social Media and Blogs
Ø Not just social networking
Ø News and entertainment
Ø Chat and communication
Ø Tagging and sharing
Ø Groupon, Digg, Twitter
Ø Marketers track success of brands via social networks
n Electronic Commerce
Ø B to c (business to consumer)
Ø Category killers (eToys)
Ø Some e-tailers only online
Ø Clicks-and-mortar operations
Ø Auctions (eBay): c to c, for
consumer to consumer
consumer to consumer
Ø Biggest category: b to b
n A Good Web Page?
Ø Contests & giveaways
Ø Continual updates
Ø Episodic storytelling
Ø Attractive colors & layout
Ø Short items preferred
Ø Interactivity
Ø ‘Cool’ design vs. usability
n Does Info Want to Be Free?
Ø Copyrights and patents
n Digital Millennium
Copyright Act of 1998
Copyright Act of 1998
Ø Cut off free access
Ø Follow iTunes model
Ø Net neutrality
Ø Creative Commons
n Closing the Digital Divide
Ø Gap: by race and income
Ø Obama: put broadband in
90% of U.S. homes by 2020
90% of U.S. homes by 2020
Ø Public computing centers
Ø Cycle of poverty
Ø U.S. lags other countries
in broadband penetration
in broadband penetration
n Gov’t.: Hands Off or On?
Ø Whether to tax e-commerce
Ø Universal Service for Net
Ø Protect children online
Ø CANSPAM law
Ø USA PATRIOT Act
Ø Cyberwarfare, global issues
n Online Safety
Ø Phishing & other scams
Ø Personal responsibility
n Virus scanner, spam filter, spyware eraser
Ø Use complex passwords
Ø Don’t post personal info or party photos on Facebook
Outline Ch. 8 — Television
Chapter 8
Television
Television
n Television Is Born
Radio with pictures’: 1920s
Ø Technical standards: 1941
Ø TV flourishes after
World War II
World War II
Ø FCC freeze: 1948-52
n Cable TV emerges
Ø Television Is Born
Ø 1952 FCC rules
n Expand VHF band
n Open UHF band
n Create educational channels
Ø Most cities: 3 VHF channels
Ø Radio pioneers shift to TV
Ø So does advertising
n The Golden Age
Ø Late 1940s and early ’50s
Ø Live drama anthologies
Ø News and public affairs
Ø Then, audience shift
and ratings rule
and ratings rule
Ø Sitcoms and quiz shows
n Into the Wasteland
Ø More focus on ratings than quality
Ø TV turns to Hollywood
Ø Concerns about TV’s
impact on culture, children
impact on culture, children
Ø FCC’s Minow calls TV
‘vast wasteland’ in 1961
‘vast wasteland’ in 1961
Ø Still, some golden moments, like Kennedy-Nixon debates
n TV Goes to Washington
Ø Big 3: NBC, CBS, ABC
Ø FCC’s Fin-Syn rules
Ø Prime Time Access Rule
Ø Limits on in-house entertainment programming
Ø Rise of UHF stations
Ø FCC’s Sixth Report and Order
n TV Goes to Washington
Ø Non-commercial alternatives
Ø Public Broadcasting Act (’67)
Ø PBS created in 1969
Ø Concerns about violence
Ø Family Viewing Hour
n Ruled unconstitutional
n Rise of Cable
Ø Cable operators relay distant broadcasts to small towns
Ø Threat to UHF stations
Ø FCC bans cable from
100 largest markets in 1966
100 largest markets in 1966
Ø FCC reverses ban in 1972
Ø HBO: first pay-TV network
n Rise of Cable
Ø Basic cable channels
Ø Multiple system operators
Ø ‘50 channels and nothing on’
Ø Cable expands ‘wasteland’
Ø Free of indecency rules
Ø VCRs appear in 1975
n Big 3 in Decline
Ø New owners in 1980s
Ø Cable TV expands
Ø Ownership limits relaxed
Ø Rise of Fox TV network
Ø Fin-Syn rules lifted
Ø WB, UPN/CW, Univision
Ø 1992 Cable Act & satellite TV
n TV in the Information Age
Ø Deregulation
n Telecom Act of 1996
n Mergers & conglomerates
n Synergies & cross-promotion
Ø New digital media forms
undercut conventional TV
undercut conventional TV
n Internet, iPods, video games
n TV in the Information Age
Ø Net ads replace TV spots
Ø Corporate changes
Ø Cheaper ‘reality’ programs
Ø Comcast & NBC
Ø Transition to digital TV
Ø New distribution strategies
n From a Single Point of Light
Ø How TV pictures are formed
Ø Optical illusion of movies:
persistence of vision
persistence of vision
Ø NTSC’s technical standards
Ø Digital TV: June 2009
n HDTV
n Multicasting (4 signals)
n Digital TV Is Here
Ø On-Demand viewing
Ø Some problems with
transition to digital TV
transition to digital TV
Ø Phone companies & FiOS
Ø Apple and Google as TV providers
Ø Streaming live TV via web
n Video Recording
Ø Key to home VCR:
helical scanning
helical scanning
Ø DVDs: compressed video
Ø Blu-Ray vs. HD DVD format
Ø TiVo & other DVRs
Ø Next: video on demand
n Video Production Trends
Ø Rugged portable cameras
Ø Electronic news gathering
Ø Video servers
Ø Nonlinear editing
Ø Graphics & special effects
Ø Virtual news studios
n Interactive TV
Ø Time Warner’s Qube
Ø Audience participation
Ø ‘Clickable’ commercials
Ø DVRs, video on demand
n Internet and 3-D TV
Ø TV + Internet = IP TV
Ø Clicking on-screen images?
Ø Apps taking place of remotes
Ø 3-D viewing with and without glasses
Ø Future 3-D TV approaches still years away
n Who Runs the Show?
Ø Time Warner, Disney, Viacom/CBS, News Corp, NBC Universal (Comcast)
Ø Vertically integrated
Ø Entertainment, network news, local news, sports
n Who Runs the Show?
Ø National TV distributors
Ø Local TV distributors
Ø Syndication and affiliates
Ø Noncommercial stations (PBS)
Ø Advertisers
n Genres: What’s on TV
Ø Broadcast network shows
Ø Cable TV
Ø PBS
Ø Scheduling strategies
Ø Is TV programming diverse?
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